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三手烟是指吸烟后残留在衣物、家具、头发和皮肤等表面的固体残留物，其污染持续时间可达数年，会通过呼吸道、消化道吸收及皮肤接触等方式危害人类。一项研究显示，三手烟会损伤实验鼠的肝脏和大脑，破坏新陈代谢，影响行为举止，增加患神经系统退行性疾病的风险。研究人员认为，研究对象虽然是小鼠，但这一结果也适用于人类，尤其是婴幼儿。
Third-hand smoke exposure can cripple your brain and liver, affecting your mannerisms, increasing your risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and ruining your metabolism. That is according to a study by researchers at the University of California, Riverside who saw significant health issues in people within a month of exposure to smoke.
美国加利福尼亚大学里弗赛德分校的一项研究显示，三手烟可能损伤人类的大脑和肝脏，影响行为举止，增加患神经系统退行性疾病的风险，破坏新陈代谢。研究人员发现，人在三手烟中暴露一个月会出现明显的健康问题。
The research team analyzed how people were affected by inhaling smoke from another person's clothing, hair, home, or car.
该研究小组分析了从他人衣物、头发、房屋或汽车中吸入三手烟对人体产生的影响。
In previous studies on mice, the same scientists showed third-hand smoke can cause type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, liver and lung damage, and wound-healing complications. Now, they have shown they can even see an impact on brain and liver tissues.
这些科学家们此前对老鼠进行的研究发现，三手烟可以引发2型糖尿病、多动症、肝肺损伤以及伤口愈合并发症。现在，他们证明了三手烟甚至会对大脑和肝脏组织产生影响。
'Our goal was to determine the minimum amount of time required to cause physiological changes in mice when they are exposed to THS (third-hand smoke), using an exposure system that mimics human exposure,' said lead author Manuela Martins-Green.
该研究论文的第一作者曼纽拉•马丁斯-格林称：“我们模拟了人类接触三手烟的环境，让小鼠暴露在其中，以确定至少接触三手烟多长时间小鼠会发生生理变化。”
'We found that THS exposure as early as one month resulted in liver damage. THS exposure for two months resulted in further molecular damage, and at four to six months caused even more such damage. We also found that the mice showed insulin resistance after long-term THS exposure.'
“我们发现，接触三手烟1个月就会造成肝脏损伤，2个月时，出现更多分子损伤；等到4至6个月时，损伤进一步加剧。我们还发现，长期暴露在三手烟中小鼠会出现胰岛素抵抗。”
Damage to the liver can hinder its capability to detoxify the body, leading to more damage by THS toxins.
肝脏受损会影响其解毒能力，致使身体遭受更多三手烟毒害。
Martins-Green and her team examined the brains of THS-exposed mice and found that stress hormones, such as epinephrine, increased in one month of exposure.
马丁斯-格林及其团队检测了小鼠的大脑，发现接触三手烟一个月后，小鼠的肾上腺素等应激激素水平上升。
Additional stress hormones are seen at two months, four months, and six months, eventually causing immune fatigue in the mice.
随着接触三手烟的时间增加至2个月、4个月、6个月，小鼠的应激激素水平持续升高，最终产生免疫疲劳。
'THS is a stealth toxin, a silent killer,' Martins-Green said.
马丁斯-格林表示：“三手烟是一种隐形毒物、沉默的杀手。”
'Contaminants can be absorbed through the skin and through breathing. Although our research was not done on humans, people should be aware that hotel rooms, cars, and homes that were occupied by smokers are very likely to be contaminated with THS.'
“污染物可以通过皮肤接触或呼吸被人体吸收。虽然我们没有对人类进行研究，但是人们应该意识到，宾馆房间、汽车以及自家房屋被吸烟者污染的可能性很大。”
THS toxins, which are invisible but can be smelled, remain on surfaces for many years, and are resistant to even strong cleaning agents.
三手烟无形但是有气味，可以在物体表面残存多年，且甚至连强效清洁剂也无法去除。
Further, they accumulate and age by reacting with the ambient air, and change into carcinogenic chemicals.
此外，污染物与周围空气反应后会不断积累和老化，并转化为致癌化学物质。
Because THS is absorbed through skin, children are especially vulnerable given their close contact with household surfaces.
由于三手烟能被皮肤吸收，儿童尤其容易受到伤害，因为他们离物体表面更近。
Children frequently ingest these toxins by putting their hands in their mouths. They also absorb them through the skin.
儿童往往会通过把手放进嘴里而摄入这些有毒物质，也会通过皮肤吸收。
In other preliminary experiments, Martins-Green and her team found that mice exposed to THS are less social than unexposed mice.
在其他初步实验中，马丁斯-格林及其团队发现，与未接触三手烟的小鼠相比，接触三手烟的小鼠更不爱社交。
Further, the researchers found that over time the mice get addicted to THS.
此外，研究人员发现，随着时间的推移，小鼠会对三手烟上瘾。
'Clearly, THS is affecting the behavior of mice,' said Martins-Green, 'It's not hard to imagine what the impact is on children who, unlike most adults, cannot remove themselves from these harmful environments. Although our work was done on mice, we are confident our results will apply to humans.'
“很明显，三手烟影响了小鼠的行为。由此不难想象，它对儿童产生的影响。与成年人不同，儿童无法自己离开这种对身体有害的环境。虽然，我们的研究对象是小鼠，但是我们相信这一结果也适用于人类。”
三手烟是指吸烟后残留在衣物、家具、头发和皮肤等表面的固体残留物，其污染持续时间可达数年，会通过呼吸道、消化道吸收及皮肤接触等方式危害人类。一项研究显示，三手烟会损伤实验鼠的肝脏和大脑，破坏新陈代谢，影响行为举止，增加患神经系统退行性疾病的风险。研究人员认为，研究对象虽然是小鼠，但这一结果也适用于人类，尤其是婴幼儿。
Third-hand smoke exposure can cripple your brain and liver, affecting your mannerisms, increasing your risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and ruining your metabolism. That is according to a study by researchers at the University of California, Riverside who saw significant health issues in people within a month of exposure to smoke.
美国加利福尼亚大学里弗赛德分校的一项研究显示，三手烟可能损伤人类的大脑和肝脏，影响行为举止，增加患神经系统退行性疾病的风险，破坏新陈代谢。研究人员发现，人在三手烟中暴露一个月会出现明显的健康问题。
The research team analyzed how people were affected by inhaling smoke from another person's clothing, hair, home, or car.
该研究小组分析了从他人衣物、头发、房屋或汽车中吸入三手烟对人体产生的影响。
In previous studies on mice, the same scientists showed third-hand smoke can cause type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, liver and lung damage, and wound-healing complications. Now, they have shown they can even see an impact on brain and liver tissues.
这些科学家们此前对老鼠进行的研究发现，三手烟可以引发2型糖尿病、多动症、肝肺损伤以及伤口愈合并发症。现在，他们证明了三手烟甚至会对大脑和肝脏组织产生影响。
'Our goal was to determine the minimum amount of time required to cause physiological changes in mice when they are exposed to THS (third-hand smoke), using an exposure system that mimics human exposure,' said lead author Manuela Martins-Green.
该研究论文的第一作者曼纽拉•马丁斯-格林称：“我们模拟了人类接触三手烟的环境，让小鼠暴露在其中，以确定至少接触三手烟多长时间小鼠会发生生理变化。”
'We found that THS exposure as early as one month resulted in liver damage. THS exposure for two months resulted in further molecular damage, and at four to six months caused even more such damage. We also found that the mice showed insulin resistance after long-term THS exposure.'
“我们发现，接触三手烟1个月就会造成肝脏损伤，2个月时，出现更多分子损伤；等到4至6个月时，损伤进一步加剧。我们还发现，长期暴露在三手烟中小鼠会出现胰岛素抵抗。”
Damage to the liver can hinder its capability to detoxify the body, leading to more damage by THS toxins.
肝脏受损会影响其解毒能力，致使身体遭受更多三手烟毒害。
Martins-Green and her team examined the brains of THS-exposed mice and found that stress hormones, such as epinephrine, increased in one month of exposure.
马丁斯-格林及其团队检测了小鼠的大脑，发现接触三手烟一个月后，小鼠的肾上腺素等应激激素水平上升。
Additional stress hormones are seen at two months, four months, and six months, eventually causing immune fatigue in the mice.
随着接触三手烟的时间增加至2个月、4个月、6个月，小鼠的应激激素水平持续升高，最终产生免疫疲劳。
'THS is a stealth toxin, a silent killer,' Martins-Green said.
马丁斯-格林表示：“三手烟是一种隐形毒物、沉默的杀手。”
'Contaminants can be absorbed through the skin and through breathing. Although our research was not done on humans, people should be aware that hotel rooms, cars, and homes that were occupied by smokers are very likely to be contaminated with THS.'
“污染物可以通过皮肤接触或呼吸被人体吸收。虽然我们没有对人类进行研究，但是人们应该意识到，宾馆房间、汽车以及自家房屋被吸烟者污染的可能性很大。”
THS toxins, which are invisible but can be smelled, remain on surfaces for many years, and are resistant to even strong cleaning agents.
三手烟无形但是有气味，可以在物体表面残存多年，且甚至连强效清洁剂也无法去除。
Further, they accumulate and age by reacting with the ambient air, and change into carcinogenic chemicals.
此外，污染物与周围空气反应后会不断积累和老化，并转化为致癌化学物质。
Because THS is absorbed through skin, children are especially vulnerable given their close contact with household surfaces.
由于三手烟能被皮肤吸收，儿童尤其容易受到伤害，因为他们离物体表面更近。
Children frequently ingest these toxins by putting their hands in their mouths. They also absorb them through the skin.
儿童往往会通过把手放进嘴里而摄入这些有毒物质，也会通过皮肤吸收。
In other preliminary experiments, Martins-Green and her team found that mice exposed to THS are less social than unexposed mice.
在其他初步实验中，马丁斯-格林及其团队发现，与未接触三手烟的小鼠相比，接触三手烟的小鼠更不爱社交。
Further, the researchers found that over time the mice get addicted to THS.
此外，研究人员发现，随着时间的推移，小鼠会对三手烟上瘾。
'Clearly, THS is affecting the behavior of mice,' said Martins-Green, 'It's not hard to imagine what the impact is on children who, unlike most adults, cannot remove themselves from these harmful environments. Although our work was done on mice, we are confident our results will apply to humans.'
“很明显，三手烟影响了小鼠的行为。由此不难想象，它对儿童产生的影响。与成年人不同，儿童无法自己离开这种对身体有害的环境。虽然，我们的研究对象是小鼠，但是我们相信这一结果也适用于人类。”
