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2024年高考第二轮复习英语山东版
八、非谓语动词
真题试做
1．(2024山东高考，26)George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told
B．telling
C．being told
D．told
2．(2011山东高考，27)Look over there—there's a very long，winding path ______ up to the house.
A．leading
B．leads
C．led
D．to lead
3．(2010山东高考，23)I have a lot of readings ______ before the end of this term.
A．completing
B．to complete
C．completed
D．being completed
4．(2010山东高考，29)The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked.
A．laid
B．laying
C．to lay
D．being laid
考向分析
1．考查对谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别，要求明确句子的结构和意义，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法。
2．考查不定式和动名词作宾语的区别，要求掌握一些常见动词后面所接宾语的形式。
3．考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语时的区别，尤其是不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语所表示的不同时间、逻辑关系和意义。现在分词和不定式作结果状语时的区别应引起足够重视。
4．考查非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构，要求掌握其构成形式、所表示的时间以及逻辑关系。
热点例析
考点一：谓语与非谓语形式的识别
试题以复杂的结构和冗长的句式呈现，考查考生是否能瞻前顾后地分清句子成分、理解句子结构、明白句子意义，正确判断、识别动词在句中是否充当谓语。
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，8)I think Tom，as the head of a big department，should either study regularly or ______ his job.
A．quits
B．to quit
C．quitting
D．quit
答案为D项。该句使用了either ... or ...并列结构，either后面是动词原形study，or后面也应该是动词原形quit，故选择D项构成并列谓语。
(2024全国高考，10)Tony lent me the money，______ that I'd do as much for him.
A．hoping
B．to hope
C．hoped
D．having hoped
答案为A项。由于空前没有连词，应排除谓语形式的C项，如果用hoped则应在空前加and；根据空前的逗号可排除B项，因为动词不定式作目的状语时其前不加逗号；“希望……”并不是发生在“托尼借给我钱”之前，故排除表示完成的having hoped；由于Tony与hope之间存在主动关系，故选择现在分词hoping作状语。
考点二：非谓语形式作主语
非谓语形式作主语时，形式主语it常用来代替不定式短语作主语。如：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
但在It is no use/good doing sth.和It is a waste of time doing sth.句型中，it代替动名词短语作主语。如：
It's no use arguing with them.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，3)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better ______ silent.
A．remain
B．be remaining
C．having remained
D．to remain
答案为D项。when在此处引导定语从句修饰times，在when引导的从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to remain silent，表示“有时保持沉默更好”。
考点三：非谓语形式作宾语
1．部分动词(短语)后面只能接不定式作宾语。
常见的有：agree/ask/decide/demand/expect/fail/hope/learn/manage/offer/plan/promise/ pretend/refuse/wish/would like (love)
He agreed to lend me his bike.
He refused to say sorry to me.
2．部分动词(短语)后面只能接动名词作宾语。
常见的有：avoid/appreciate/consider/delay/enjoy/escape/excuse/finish/imagine/mind/miss/ practise/suggest/keep (on)/feel like/devote oneself to/give up/be (get) used to/be worth/insist on/look forward to/prefer...to...等。
He admitted taking my money.
Do you try to avoid making her annoyed?
3．部分动词(短语)后接不定式和动名词时，含义不同，应注意区分。
如：
I'll remember to post your letter.我会记住把你的信寄上的。
I don't remember saying this to him before.我不记得以前对他说过这件事。
如：
I forgot to tell him to come.我忘记叫他来了。
I'll never forget seeing him for the first time.我永远忘不了和他初次见面的情景。
如：
I regret to say that I can't accept your kind offer.很抱歉，我不能接受你那善意的提议。
I regret saying what was in my mind.我后悔说了心里话。
如：
You must try to improve your teaching method.你一定要试图改进你的教学方法。
If no one answers，try knocking at the back door.如果没人答应，试着敲敲后门。
如：
I meant to send you a postcard，but I didn't have your address with me.我本想寄一张明信片给你，但是我身边没有你的地址。
Starting too early means wasting your time.出发太早就是浪费时间。
如：
Let's stop to buy something to eat here.咱们在这里停停买些吃的吧。
Let's stop working and have a rest.咱们停下手里的活，歇一会儿。
如：
After reading the text，he went on to write the new words.读完课文之后，他接着写生词。
He went on telling us the story after a short rest.稍微休息之后他接着给我们讲故事。
如：
I want to join the army.我想参军。
The road needs rebuilding.这条路修需要重新修建。
如：
I can't help to carry the box because my arm hurts.我不能帮忙搬箱子，因为我胳膊疼。
They couldn't help laughing when they saw him.他们看到他，忍不住大笑起来。
如：
I advised holding a meeting to discuss the matter.我建议开一个会来讨论这件事情。
He often advises people to use their brains.他常常劝人动动脑子。
【典例分析】 (2024安徽高考，24)I remembered ______ the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking
B．to lock
C．having locked
D．to have locked
答案为B项。remember to do sth.意为“记着要做某事”，remember doing sth.意为“记着做过某事”。“在离开办公室前就把门锁上”显然不合逻辑，所以应选不定式作宾语。句意：我在离开办公室以前，记着了要锁门，但是忘了要关灯。
(2024北京高考，23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A．corrects
B．correct
C．to correct
D．correcting
答案为D项。在介词by后面，and 前后连接两个并列宾语，根据making可知此处选correcting。句意：一个人在犯错和纠错中学会一种语言。
考点四：非谓语形式作定语
1．时间关系不同：不定式作定语通常表示一个未发生的动作；现在分词作定语通常表示一个正在进行的动作、经常性的动作或状态；过去分词作定语多表已完成的动作，或没有一定的时间性(只表示被动)。如：
I have a lot of work to do.
The tall girl standing there is a basketball player.
This is a play written by Shakespeare.
2．逻辑关系不同：不定式所修饰的词可能是它的逻辑主语，也可能是它的逻辑宾语；现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的词一定是它的逻辑主语；过去分词作定语所修饰的词一般是它的逻辑宾语。如：
He is the first to get here.
He is the man to depend on.
He is the very person looking for you.
A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
3．不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，不要遗漏必要的介词。如：
He found a good house to live in.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，11)“It's such a nice place，” Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers.
A．to be reserved
B．having reserved
C．reserving
D．reserved
答案为D项。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语形式修饰table，“桌子”是“被预订或保留”的，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。
考点五：非谓语形式作状语
1．不定式作状语：
(1)表示目的，直接用不定式或so as to/in order to。如：
He worked day and night to get the money.
(2)表示结果，更常见于so...as to，such...as to，enough to，too...to结构中，only接不定式也常表示出乎意料的结果。如：
I visited him only to find him out.
(3)表示原因，用在作表语的某些表示情感的形容词或过去分词后面，说明产生某种情绪的原因或是在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况等。如：
They were very sad to hear the news.
2．现在分词作状语：
现在分词作状语表示的必须是主语的一个动作，即分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
现在分词可以作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语和伴随状语。作原因状语时，通常放在句首；作结果状语时，通常放在句子后面，表示自然而然的结果。如：
Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.
He fired his gun，killing the wolf.
All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.
3．过去分词作状语：
过去分词的动作与句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系。
过去分词可以作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语和伴随状语。如：
Seen from the hill，the city looks more beautiful.
Given better attention，the cabbages could have grown better.
【典例分析】 (2024辽宁高考，29)This machine is very easy ______.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A．operating
B．to be operating
C．operated
D．to operate
答案为D项。句意：这台机器很容易操作。任何人几分钟就会学会使用。该题应选不定式作表语形容词的状语，说明在哪一方面存在这个形容词表示的情况或产生这种情绪的原因。
(2024北京高考，27)______ with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use
B．Using
C．Used
D．To use
答案为C项。分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中作状语，且与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故选C项。句意：如果用得仔细的话，一罐可以用六周。
(2024天津高考，11)He got up late and hurried to his office，______ the breakfast untouched.
A．left
B．to leave
C．leaving
D．having left
答案为C项。句意：他起床晚了，匆忙赶往办公室，早餐一动没动。现在分词短语在此处作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。
(2024四川高考，6)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only______his plane high up in the sky.
A．finding
B．to find
C．being found
D．to have found
答案为B项。only后接不定式表示意想不到的结果，所以应选B项作结果状语。to have found表示动作发生在主句谓语took之前，时间上有误。句意：汤姆乘出租车去了飞机场，却发现飞机已经飞在高空了。
考点六：非谓语形式作补语
1．advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：
Tell the children not to play on the street.
The police warned us not to go out at night.
2．make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：
They make the students do too much homework every day.
The students are made to do too much homework every day.
3．感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。
从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。
从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：
I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿过了大街。
I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿过大街。
I saw him surrounded by a group of students.我看到一群学生围着他。
4．介词with和without后面可接复合宾语。不定式作补语常表示将来；现在分词作补语常表示宾语与补语是主动关系或正在进行；过去分词作补语常表示宾语与补语是被动关系或已经完成。如：
I can't go out with all these dishes to wash.
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
【典例分析】 (2024四川高考，8)I looked up and noticed a snake______its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A．to wind
B．wind
C．winding
D．wound
答案为C项。句意：我抬起头来，注意到一条蛇为了捉到它的早餐，正盘旋着往树上爬。在感官动词noticed后面，宾语a snake和wind为主动关系，所以应选现在分词形式作补语，表示主动、进行。
(2024辽宁高考，25)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them.
A．to follow
B．following
C．followed
D．follows
答案为B项。句意：这对老年夫妇经常晚饭后去公园散步，后面跟着他们的宠物狗。此处是with的复合结构，可排除D项；由于宾语dog与follow之间为逻辑上的主动关系，可排除C项；不定式一般表示将来，可排除A项；答案为B项，现在分词形式作补语。
考点七：非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。
当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
当不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生时，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
