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四、议论文
(一)
(2009·江苏高考)
The requirements for high school graduation have just changed in my community. As a result, all students must __1__ sixty hours of service learning，__2__ they will not receive a diploma. Service learning is academic learning that also helps the community.__3__ of service learning include cleaning up a polluted river, working in a soup kitchen, or tutoring a student.
__4__ a service experience, students must keep a journal(日志)and then write a __5__ about what they have learned.
Supporters claim that there are many __6__ of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think __7__ their own interests and become __8__ of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn reallife skills that
__9__ responsibility, problemsolving, and working as part of a team.__10__， students can explore possible careers __11__ service learning. For example, if a student wonders what teaching is like, he or she can choose to work in an elementary school classroom a few afternoons each month.
__12__ there are many benefits, opponents (反对者) __13__ problems with the new requirement. First, they __14__ that the main reason students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because service learning is timeconsuming, students spend __15__ time studying the core subjects. Second, they believe that forcing students to work without __16__ goes against the law. By requiring service, the school takes away an individual's freedom to choose.
In my view, service learning is a great way to __17__ to the community, learn new skills, and explore different careers.
__18__， I don't believe you should force people to help others—the __19__ to help must come from the heart. I think the best __20__ is one that gives students choices: a student should be able to choose sixty hours of independent study or sixty hours of service. Choice encourages both freedom and responsibility, and as young adults, we must learn to handle both wisely.
1. A. spend
B. gain
C. complete
D. save
2. A. and
B. or
C. but
D. for
3. A. Subjects
B. Ideas
C. Procedures
D. Examples
4. A. With
B. Before
C . During
D. After
5. A. diary
B. report
C. note
D. notice
6. A. courses
B. benefits
C . challenges
D. features
7. A. beyond
B. about
C. over
D. in
8. A. careful
B. proud
C. tired
D. aware
9. A. possess
B. apply
C. include
D. develop
10. A. Gradually
B. Finally
C . Luckily
D. Hopefully
11. A. through
B. across
C. of
D. on
12. A. So
B. Thus
C . Since
D. While
13. A. deal with
B. look into
C. point out
D. take down
14. A. argue
B. doubt
C. overlook
D. admit
15. A. much
B. full
C. less
D. more
16. A. cost
B. pay
C. care
D. praise
17. A. contribute
B. appeal
C. attend
D. belong
18. A. Therefore
B. Otherwise
C. Besides
D. However
19. A. courage
B. desire
C. emotion
D. spirit
20. A. decision
B. purpose
C. solution
D. result
答案与解析
1．C 从首句得知这是对高中毕业生的要求，所以要完成60小时的服务学习才能获得毕业证书。spend “花费”；gain “获得”；complete “完成”；save “节省”。
2．B 没有学满60小时的就不能毕业。or“否则”；and “和”；but “但是”；for “原因是……”。
3．D 从cleaning up...，working...tutoring 可看出是举例列举学习内容，所以D项正确。subjects “课程”；ideas “想法”，procedures “步骤”，词义不对。
4．C 写日志的事情是在学习的过程中所做的，所以用during。
5．B 学生在学习过程中要写学习报告，所以用report 。diary “日记”；note “便条”；notice “通告”，语境不符。
6．B 本段描写都是service learning 的好处，故选benefits “利益，好处”。其他选项逻辑错误。
7．A 在service learning 的过程中学生们学会了为他人的利益着想，所以用beyond“超出”。
8．D be/become aware of“意识到”，此处意为“他们意识到别人的需求”。
9．C 后面的“responsibility, problemsolving, and working as part of a team”都是reallife skills所包含的内容，所以用include “包括，包含”。possess “拥有”；apply“申请”“应用”；develop “发展”。
10．B 本段列举了service learning 的多个好处，最后一个用finally 来表示。gradually “逐步地”；luckily “幸运地”；hopefully “满怀希望地”。
11．A through 意为“通过”。通过“servicelearning”学生思维开阔，他们能开发某些职业。
12．D while 意为“与……同时，在……时候”。引导时间状语从句。指servicelearning 有许多有利因素的同时，有可能还有不利的因素。
13．C point out 意为“指出，提出”。赞成者认为通过“servicelearning”学生会得到好多锻炼，并给自身带来实惠。而反对者提出了不同的看法。deal with 意为“处理”；look into意为“调查”；take down 意为“取下，拿下”。
14．A argue 意为“争论”。赞成者和反对者就学生上学的原因进行争论。doubt 意为“怀疑”；overlook 意为“浏览”；admit 意为“承认”，在此都不合语境。
15．C less 意为“较少的”。反对者以为学生把时间用在“servicelearning”上，必然在主要课程上用的时间就少一些。
16．B pay 意为“报酬”。强迫学生干活而不给报酬违背法律。cost 意为“花费，价值”；care 意为“照顾，照料”；praise 意为“赞扬”。
17．A contribute 意为“贡献”。作者认为通过“servicelearning”，学生可以学到新的技能、开发新的职业，这样也是对国家作贡献的一个很伟大的形式或途径。appeal 意为“呼吁”；attend意为 “参加”；belong 意为“属于”。
18．D however 意为“然而”。由前后句的句意可以看出，作者在赞成servicelearning 的同时，话锋一转又提到它的不足之处，前后有转折的意味，故however 是正确答案。therefore 意为“因此”；otherwise 意为“否则”；besides 意为“况且”。
19．B desire 意为“欲望”；根据句意可知，“帮助别人的欲望”是来自本人的内心。courage 意为“勇气”；emotion 意为“情感”；spirit 意为“精神”。
20．C solution 意为“解决”。最好的解决方式就是让学生自己选择。decision 意为“决定”；purpose 意为“目的”；result 意为“结果”，在此都不合语境。
(二)
(2011·山东济南模拟)
Children with learning disabilities ( LD )
often
have problems. For many, strong __1__ of anger, shame, sadness, or disappointment can __2__ psychological difficulties such as anxiety，depression or low selfesteem. These problems can be far more than the __3__ challenges themselves.
Several leading experts in the field of LD have offered suggestions on ways to help __4__ children
from
these problems.
To be most effective in supporting __5__， it can help to understand some
primary __6__ for
the
psychological
and emotional challenges they may face.
First, it is not difficult to see __7__ children with LD are at greater risk
for
developing
psychological
difficulties
if
one considers the repeated failure they __8__. Although they make efforts to “try harder” , children with LD may receive little __9__ feedback(反馈). Their academic struggles and failures are often met
with __10__ by
teachers,
peers
and
parents.
Such disapproval can take the form of unpleasant labeling(标签) of a child __11__ “slow” “lazy” or “dumb”. __12__ developing a sense of pride in their accomplishments，children with LD may __13__ in disappointment and shame. Low selfesteem and a lack of
confidence
only __14__ prevent
learning
and
academic success.
The second reason is the __15__ difficulties they often experience. Research indicates that as many as 75% of kids with LD have such __16__ as making and keeping friends. Children with LD are less __17__ and often rejected by their peers. Teachers and other adults also may __18__ to have negative views of them. Such social rejection can result in __19__ of selfesteem and feelings of loneliness, which, __20__， may lead to psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression.
1. A. feelings
B. opinions
C. ideas
D. attitudes
2. A. get
B. cause
C. solve
D overcome
3. A. physical
B. mental
C. potential
D. academic
4. A. prevent
B. protect
C. remove
D. separate
5. A. children
B. experts
C. teachers
D. parents
6. A. rules
B. ways
C. reasons
D. directions
7. A. why
B. where
C. which
D. when
8. A. experience
B. practise
C. possess
D. find
9. A. timely
B. hopeful
C. subjective
D. positive
10. A. courage
B. sympathy
C. disapproval
D. respect
11. A. for
B. as
C. with
D. to
12. A. In favor of
B. Instead of
C. Because of
D. In terms of
13. A. work out
B. turn away
C. break off
D. end up
14. A. further
B. hardly
C. even
D. slightly
15. A. social
B. general
C. personal
D. cultural
16. A. mistakes
B. values
C. chances
D. difficulties
17. A. controlled
B. requested
C. admitted
D. accepted
18. A. tend
B. mean
C. prefer
D. pretend
19. A. need
B. pride
C. loss
D. awareness
20. A. in general
B. in particular
C. in total
D. in turn
答案与解析
1.A 愤怒、羞愧、伤心、失望，这些都是“情感”(feelings)而不是“观点”“想法”“态度”。因此选A项。
2.B 这些强烈的情感会导致焦虑、沮丧等心理障碍，用cause表示“引起，导致”。
3.D 本文谈论的是有学习障碍的孩子，因此本题选D项，他们所遇到的心理困难往往比学业方面的挑战还大。
4.B 这里用protect...from表示“保护”。针对如何保护学生免遭这些问题的困扰，“学习障碍”研究领域的一些权威专家提出了一些建议。
5.A 文章开头就提出了本文讨论的对象：children with LD，因此本空选A项。
6.C 我们首先要弄清楚他们可能要面对的心理和情结方面的困难与挑战是什么引起的。reason常与for搭配，表示“……的原因，理由”。最后一段第一句中的“The second reason”也有暗示。
7.A 承接上文，作者在此分析原因：首先，假如……那么我们就不难理解为什么有学习障碍的孩子更容易形成心理方面的障碍。这里用why引导宾语从句，表示“为什么”会出现这样的情况。
8.A 这里用experience表示“经历，经受”。假如我们考虑一下他们经受的一次次的失败。
9.D 这些有学习障碍的孩子更努力地学习，但是他们的收效甚微。这里用positive(肯定的，积极的)与前面的否定词little呼应。
10.C 这里叙述的是他们在学业上面临的挑战与困难，由此判断本题选C项，disapproval“不赞成，非难”：他们的这些努力没有带来积极的收效，也不能得到老师、同龄人和父母的肯定。下一句中的“disapproval”也是线索提示。
11.B 从语境看，这里用as与动词label呼应，表示“当作，作为”，label用作动词表示“用标签标明，(用称呼或绰号不公正地)描述，把……称为”：对这些孩子的努力所作出的责难，就是称这些孩子“迟钝、懒惰、愚蠢”。
12.B 这样一来，这些有学习障碍的孩子靠自己的成就换来的不是骄傲，而是失望和羞愧。instead of“代替，而不是”，符合语境。in favor of“赞成，支持”；because of“因为，由于”；in terms of“依据，从……方面来说”，都不符合语境。
13.D 句意参见12题解析。end up“以……结束”，符合语境。work out“计算出，锻炼”；turn away“拒绝(某人)进入，转过脸去”；break off“中断，突然停止”。
14.A 这样一来，孩子就会自尊心很弱，缺乏自信，这会进一步阻碍他们的学习。further“进一步地”。
15.A 下文提到这些孩子在结交朋友和维持友谊方面的情况，由此判断选A项，表示“社交的，交际的”。
16.D 全文探讨的是有学习障碍的孩子遭遇的各种困难，前面一句说他们所经历的困难，由此判断选D项。
17.D 前面说这些孩子很难结交朋友和维持友谊，下文说他们受到同龄人的排斥，因此本题选D项，很难被他人“接受”。
18.A 这里用tend to do sth. 表示“往往倾向于做某事，易于做某事”。老师和其他成年人往往对他们的评价也不好。
19.C 这样就会使他们丧失自尊，觉得孤独。loss“丧失”。
20.D 从语境的连贯看，这里用in turn表示“转而”。而这样的情况转而又使他们产生焦虑、沮丧等心理方面的问题。
(三)
(2011·福建厦门质检)
A loving person lives in a loving world. A hostile(敌意的)person lives in a hostile world. Everyone you meet is your mirror.
